Author ORCID Identifier

Andrew Jennings 0009-0003-8399-0096

Kimberly Krawiec 0000-0003-4149-1814

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

2025

Keywords

Public capital markets, Startup investment, Normative values, Investment decisions, Stigmatized industries

Abstract

Academic and market interest in environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing has grown markedly in recent years. Although less prominent, a substantial literature also explores whether “sin pays” in the public capital markets. This literature’s underlying theory is that social norms discourage the funding of businesses that promote vice. According to this theory, some investors—particularly institutions sensitive to social norms, such as pension funds and foundations—will shun vice investments. A consequence of this aversion is a “vice premium” for those investors who will invest in such companies. Largely unexplored, however, is what industries or business models qualify as “vice,” how this definition is constructed and changes, how vice aversion affects startup corporate governance and finance, and what consequences vice aversion holds for the real economy.

We address these gaps through a series of interviews with startup founders, venture-capital (VC) and angel investors, and legal and financial practitioners. Descriptive data from commercial VC databases supplement our interviews. We find that the definition of “vice” is nuanced and shifts over time as the subjective preferences of investors and their constituents adapt to changing regulatory environments and social mores. Our respondents report that vice startups face heightened regulatory and business-infrastructure hurdles compared to non-vice startups. This experience is especially true for women and other minoritized vice entrepreneurs and those serving minoritized customer bases. These challenges implicate entrepreneurship, society, and capital markets, including by complicating the concept of the vice premium in finance theory and by showing the potential for vice aversion to shape both the vice and non-vice sides of the real economy.

First Page

427

Publication Title

UC Irvine Law Review

Comments

© 2025 by the author(s).

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